El cambio climático es una de las mayores amenazas ambientales del siglo XXI y su impacto se extiende a múltiples sectores, incluida la acuicultura. Esta actividad, que consiste en la cría controlada de organismos acuáticos como peces, moluscos y algas, es vital para la seguridad alimentaria global. Sin embargo, los efectos del calentamiento global están generando desafíos significativos que obligan al sector a adaptarse para garantizar su sostenibilidad futura.
Impacts of climate change on aquaculture
1. Alteration of water temperature
The increase in the average temperature of the oceans and inland waters directly affects the physiology, growth and reproduction of aquatic species. For example, species such as salmon require specific temperatures for optimal development; higher temperatures can reduce their growth rate and increase mortality.
2. Changes in water quality
Warming causes phenomena such as eutrophication and decreased dissolved oxygen in the water (hypoxia), conditions that are detrimental to the health of cultured organisms. In addition, ocean acidification – the result of increased carbon dioxide – affects shell formation in mollusks and the balance of the marine ecosystem.
3. Increase in extreme events
Storms, hurricanes and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and intense. These conditions can damage aquaculture infrastructures, alter habitats and increase the risk of crop diseases.
4. Changes in geographic distribution
Climate change is modifying the natural distribution of species, which may alter the optimal areas for aquaculture and generate conflicts over the use of maritime space.
Adaptation strategies in aquaculture
To face these challenges, the aquaculture sector is implementing several strategies to increase the resilience and sustainability of its operations:
1. Selection and development of resistant species
Genetic improvement programs are being developed to select species and strains that are more tolerant to variations in temperature, salinity and adverse conditions. Alternative species that can better adapt to the new climatic scenarios are also being explored.
2. Innovation in infrastructure and technology
Aquaculture farms are incorporating water recirculation systems (RAS) to control and optimize environmental conditions, reducing dependence on external factors. In addition, the use of sensors and digital technology facilitates real-time monitoring to anticipate and mitigate risks.
3. Integrated management and sustainable practices
Practices such as integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which combines different species to improve system efficiency and reduce environmental impacts, are promoted. Careful management of water and nutrients also helps to maintain the quality and stability of the aquatic ecosystem.
4. International policy and collaboration
International agencies, governments and the private sector are working together to develop regulatory frameworks, standards and research projects that support climate change adaptation in aquaculture.
Climate change represents a considerable challenge for aquaculture, but also an opportunity to innovate and strengthen its sustainability. Adapting to these new conditions is essential to ensure that this activity remains a reliable and responsible source of food in the future.
To learn more about sustainability and the environment, visit: Dibaq Acuicultura – Medio Ambiente
